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Privacy Breach Through Application Vulnerabilities
An error message and one URL id are enough to read other people's records.
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Frameworks
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Security
Callback Phishing
Handle a fake invoice designed to make you call.
- ATT&CKT1566.004
- CIS 14.2
Security
Phishing
Spot a phishing email before you click.
- ATT&CKT1566.002
- CIS 14.2
Security
Vishing
Handle a realistic voice phishing call.
- ATT&CKT1566.004
- CIS 14.2
Security
Smishing
Detect fraud hiding in your text messages.
- ATT&CKT1566.002
- CIS 14.2
Security
Double Barrel Phishing
Recognize the two-email trust trap.
- ATT&CKT1566.002
- CIS 14.2
Security
Business Email Compromise
Stop a CEO impersonation wire fraud.
- ATT&CKT1534
- CIS 14.2
Security
Social Engineering
Recognize manipulation before you comply.
- ATT&CKT1598
- CIS 14.2
Security
Whaling With A Deepfake
Spot an AI-generated executive on a video call.
- ATT&CKT1566.004
- CIS 14.2
Security
Spear Phishing
Your public profile is their attack playbook.
- ATT&CKT1566.001
- CIS 14.2
Security
QR Code Phishing (Quishing)
That QR code skips every email filter you have.
- ATT&CKT1566.002
- CIS 14.2
Security
WhatsApp Social Engineering
Your "boss" on WhatsApp isn't your boss.
- ATT&CKT1566.003
- CIS 14.2
Security
Tech Support Scams
That virus warning is the actual attack.
- ATT&CKT1656
- CIS 14.2
Security
SEO Poisoning Awareness
Top search results aren't always trustworthy.
- ATT&CKT1608.006
- CIS 14.2
Security
Invoice & Payment Fraud
Catch a fraudulent vendor invoice using the 3-way match before it reaches the payment file.
- ATT&CKT1656
- CIS 14.2
Security
Verification Procedures
Stop a vendor banking BEC by using your authoritative directory and an out-of-band callback.
- ATT&CKT1656
- CIS 14.2
Security
Deepfake Audio Detection
Catch an AI-cloned executive voice on the phone before the wire goes out.
- ATT&CKT1656
- CIS 14.2
Security
Calendar Invite Scams
Catch a spoofed calendar invite before the fake meeting page harvests your credentials.
- ATT&CKT1566.002
- CIS 14.2
Security
Backup Best Practices
Build a backup plan that survives ransomware.
- ATT&CKT1490
- CIS 11
- NIST CSFPR.DS
Security
Encryption & Lock Discipline
Practice the habits that protect unattended devices.
- ATT&CKT1530
- CIS 3
- NIST CSFPR.DS
Security
OS Updates & Patching Basics
See why skipping updates opens real attack paths.
- ATT&CKT1190
- CIS 7
- NIST CSFID.RA
Security
Ransomware
Survive a ransomware attack in real time.
- ATT&CKT1486
- CIS 10
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Security
USB Drop Attack
Think twice before plugging in that USB drive.
- ATT&CKT1091
- CIS 10
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Security
Endpoint Patching & EDR Alerts
Know what your EDR alert means and what to do next.
- ATT&CKT1068
- CIS 7
- NIST CSFID.RA
Security
File Extension Awareness
It looks like a PDF. It runs like malware.
- ATT&CKT1036.007
- CIS 10
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Security
Safe Bluetooth Practices
Your headphones are broadcasting more than music.
- ATT&CKT1011
- CIS 14.8
Security
Mobile Device Security
One fake text. Eight hours of stolen access.
- ATT&CKT1476
- CIS 4
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Security
IoT & Smart Device Security
Your smart camera scores 28 out of 100.
- CWE-1392
- ATT&CKT1078.001
- CIS 4
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Security
Mobile App Permissions
Name the feature each permission powers, or revoke it.
- ATT&CKT1626
- CIS 4
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Security
Account Recovery Security
Defend account recovery from social engineering.
- ATT&CKT1098.005
- CIS 5
- NIST CSFPR.AA
Security
Credential Stuffing Awareness
See how breached passwords fuel automated attacks.
- ATT&CKT1110.004
- CIS 14.3
Security
Joiner-Mover-Leaver Awareness
Manage access rights through role transitions.
- ATT&CKT1078
- CIS 5
- NIST CSFPR.AA
Security
Least Privilege Awareness
Keep access to the minimum your job requires.
- ATT&CKT1078
- CIS 6
- NIST CSFPR.AA
Security
MFA Setup & Best Practices
Set up multi-factor authentication the right way.
- ATT&CKT1621
- CIS 6
- NIST CSFPR.AA
Security
MFA Fatigue Attack
Your phone buzzes for the thirtieth time. Then a Slack message says approve.
- ATT&CKT1621
- CIS 6
- NIST CSFPR.AA
Security
Password Manager Habits
Build strong habits with your password manager.
- ATT&CKT1555.005
- CIS 14.3
Security
Privileged Access Basics
Learn why admin accounts need special handling.
- ATT&CKT1078
- CIS 6
- NIST CSFPR.AA
Security
HTTPS & Website Security
Learn why the padlock icon is not proof of safety.
- ATT&CKT1557
- CIS 9
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Security
Safe Browsing & Downloads
Spot malicious downloads before they run.
- ATT&CKT1189
- CIS 9
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Security
Typosquatting Awareness
Catch the domain tricks attackers use against you.
- ATT&CKT1583.001
- CIS 9
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Security
Browser Autofill Risks
Hidden fields silently steal your autofilled data.
- ATT&CKT1555.003
- CIS 9
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Security
Browser Extension Safety
That helpful extension might be stealing everything.
- ATT&CKT1176
- CIS 9
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Security
Browser Notification Abuse
That CAPTCHA was a trap for push spam.
- ATT&CKT1204.001
- CIS 9
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Security
General Incident Reporting
Know when and how to report a security incident.
- CIS 14.6
- NIST CSFRS.MA
Security
Reporting Culture
Build a team that reports without fear.
- CIS 14.6
- NIST CSFRS.MA
Security
Cloud Sharing Controls
Audit who can see your shared files right now.
- CWE-732
- ATT&CKT1530
- CIS 3
- NIST CSFPR.DS
Security
Guest Access Management
Control what external users can reach and for how long.
- ATT&CKT1078
- CIS 5
- NIST CSFPR.AA
Security
Secure Messaging Practices
Stop sensitive data from leaking through chat apps.
- ATT&CKT1552.008
- CIS 14.4
Security
Social Media Policy
Learn what not to post on corporate accounts.
- CIS 14.1
Security
Social Media Oversharing
See how attackers exploit your public profiles.
- ATT&CKT1589
- CIS 14.5
Security
Third-Party App OAuth Risks
Check what you gave permission to access.
- ATT&CKT1528
- CIS 15
- NIST CSFGV.SC
Security
Secure Online Meetings
Spot the drop-in attendee, remove them, lock the meeting, file the report.
- ATT&CKT1656
- CIS 14.2
Security
Audit Mindset Basics
Think like an auditor to find compliance gaps.
- CIS 14.2
Security
Audit Portal Training
Navigate GRC portals and submit audit evidence.
- CIS 14.6
Security
Employee Security Responsibilities
Know your personal security duties at work.
- CIS 14.1
Security
ISMS Policy Awareness
Connect ISO 27001 policies to your daily work.
- CIS 14.1
Security
Internet & Email Acceptable Use
Stay within corporate internet and email policies.
- CIS 14.1
Security
Data Classification Basics
Label data correctly by sensitivity level.
- CIS 3
- NIST CSFPR.DS
Security
Identity Theft Prevention
Spot identity theft tactics targeting employees.
- ATT&CKT1566.004
- CIS 14.2
Security
Secure Sharing Practices
Share files safely without creating security gaps.
- CWE-732
- CIS 3
- NIST CSFPR.DS
Security
Data Leakage
Stop sensitive data from leaving your org.
- CWE-200
- CIS 14.5
Security
Log Sensitivity Awareness
Production logs hold things you would never email out.
- CWE-532
- CIS 8
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Security
Metadata Awareness
A black rectangle over text does not remove the text.
- CWE-212
- CIS 14.4
Security
Safe GenAI Usage
Use generative AI without leaking sensitive client data.
- OWASP LLMLLM02:2025
- EU AI ActArt. 4
- CIS 14.4
Security
Insider Threat (Intentional)
Recognize the warning signs of a malicious insider.
- ATT&CKT1052
- CIS 3
- NIST CSFPR.DS
Security
Shadow IT Awareness
Find out what happens when teams use unapproved apps.
- CIS 2
- NIST CSFID.AM
Security
Image-Based Attacks (Stegosploit)
That image file might be carrying more than pixels.
- ATT&CKT1027.003
- CIS 10
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Security
Insider Threat (Accidental)
One wrong attachment. Forty-seven salaries exposed.
- CIS 14.5
Security
Collaboration Tool Hygiene
One shortcut in Slack. Credentials everywhere.
- CWE-522
- ATT&CKT1552.008
- CIS 14.4
Security
VPN Usage & Safety
Configure and use your VPN without leaving gaps.
- ATT&CKT1133
- CIS 12
- NIST CSFPR.IR
Security
Home Router Security
Find out who else is on your home network.
- CWE-1392
- ATT&CKT1078.001
- CIS 12
- NIST CSFPR.IR
Privacy
Personal Data Essentials
Recognize personal data before you handle it.
- GDPRArt. 4
- CIS 3
- NIST CSFPR.DS
Privacy
Principles and Legal Bases
Pick the lawful basis before the work starts.
- GDPRArt. 5
- CIS 3
- NIST CSFPR.DS
Privacy
Everyday Privacy Duties
The three reflexes that keep a small problem small.
- GDPRArt. 5
- CIS 3
- NIST CSFPR.DS
Privacy
Employee Data Collection
Send the staff form twice: once wrong, once lawfully.
- GDPRArt. 5
- CIS 3
- NIST CSFPR.DS
Privacy
Marketing Consent Management
Build compliant opt-in flows that regulators accept.
- GDPRArt. 7
- CIS 3
- NIST CSFPR.DS
Privacy
Data Breach Response
Triage a breach and meet the 72-hour notification clock.
- GDPRArt. 33
- CIS 3
- NIST CSFPR.DS
Privacy
Privacy by Design Review
Evaluate a product feature through a privacy-first lens.
- GDPRArt. 25
- CIS 3
- NIST CSFPR.DS
Privacy
Legitimate DSAR Processing
Process a data subject access request end to end.
- GDPRArt. 15
- CIS 3
- NIST CSFPR.DS
Privacy
PII Document Redaction
Redact personal data from documents before disclosure.
- GDPRArt. 5
- CIS 3
- NIST CSFPR.DS
Privacy
Fraudulent DSAR Detection
Spot fake data access requests used for social engineering.
- GDPRArt. 12
- CIS 3
- NIST CSFPR.DS
Privacy
Third-Party Data Processor Vetting
Evaluate a vendor's data processing controls before signing.
- GDPRArt. 28
- CIS 3
- NIST CSFPR.DS
Privacy
Security Incident Response
Coordinate security and privacy teams during a live breach.
- GDPRArt. 32
- CIS 3
- NIST CSFPR.DS
Privacy
Cross-Border Data Transfers
Navigate transfer mechanisms for data leaving the EEA.
- GDPRArt. 44
- CIS 3
- NIST CSFPR.DS
Privacy
Data Protection Impact Assessment
Run a DPIA for a high-risk data processing activity.
- GDPRArt. 35
- CIS 3
- NIST CSFPR.DS
Privacy
Data Mapping and Records of Processing
Build an Article 30 processing register from scratch.
- GDPRArt. 30
- CIS 3
- NIST CSFPR.DS
Privacy
Cookie Consent Management
Fix a cookie banner a regulator has already flagged.
- GDPRArt. 7
- CIS 3
- NIST CSFPR.DS
Privacy
Data Retention Compliance
Decide what to delete, retain, hold, or anonymize.
- GDPRArt. 5
- CIS 3
- NIST CSFPR.DS
Privacy
Breach Response Tabletop
Take the privacy seat on a live ransomware bridge.
- GDPRArt. 33
- CIS 3
- NIST CSFPR.DS
Privacy
AI Literacy Essentials
Earn the AI literacy required by Article 4 before touching company AI tools.
- EU AI ActArt. 4
Privacy
AI Risk Classification
Sort real AI deployments into the four EU AI Act risk tiers.
- EU AI ActArt. 6
Privacy
Prohibited AI Practices
Stop banned AI deployments before they go live.
- EU AI ActArt. 5
Privacy
High-Risk AI: Deployer Obligations
Block a high-risk AI launch with compliance gaps in any of seven areas.
- EU AI ActArt. 8
Privacy
Provider vs. Deployer: Who's Responsible?
A compliant vendor product does not make your deployment compliant.
- EU AI ActArt. 16
Privacy
AI Transparency and Disclosure
Label AI chatbots and synthetic media correctly under Article 50.
- EU AI ActArt. 50
Privacy
Meaningful Human Oversight
Override an AI loan recommendation when the evidence does not match.
- EU AI ActArt. 14
Privacy
AI Data Governance
Block AI training that uses a leaky, biased, or oversharing dataset.
- GDPRArt. 5
- EU AI ActArt. 10
Privacy
AI and Data Protection
Run a healthcare AI through both EU AI Act and GDPR at once.
- GDPRArt. 22
- EU AI ActArt. 26
Privacy
Bias and Discrimination in AI
Investigate proxy variables hiding inside a resume-screening model.
- EU AI ActArt. 10
Privacy
Fundamental Rights Impact Assessment
Run a FRIA before a social housing AI ever assigns a benefit decision.
- GDPRArt. 35
- EU AI ActArt. 27
Privacy
AI Incident Reporting
Report a discriminatory AI rejection pattern under Article 62.
- EU AI ActArt. 62
- CIS 17
- NIST CSFRS.MA
Privacy
AI Governance in Your Organization
Build an AI registry and shut down shadow AI in your company.
- EU AI ActArt. 4
Privacy
General-Purpose AI Model Obligations
Map GPAI provider and downstream deployer duties for systemic-risk models.
- EU AI ActArt. 53
Privacy
Using AI Tools Responsibly at Work
Make compliant AI choices through a normal working day.
- EU AI ActArt. 4
- CIS 14.4
Privacy
EU AI Act Penalties and Enforcement
Map the three-tier penalty structure to real enforcement scenarios.
- EU AI ActArt. 99
Soon
Internal Data Leakage to Unauthorized Parties
Customer records reach an outside vendor because a share link was too broad.
Soon
Handling a Personal Data Breach
The clock starts at detection, not when you understand the leak.
Soon
Consent Dark Patterns and Bundled Permissions
One checkbox for five purposes is not consent to any of them.
Soon
Opaque Privacy Policies and Hidden Data Practices
The policy discloses everything and explains nothing.
Soon
Personal Data Deletion Failures
The account is gone. The backup, the analytics profile, and the CRM are not.
Soon
Outdated and Inaccurate Personal Data
A stale record stops being untidy once it decides someone's credit.
Soon
Session Hijacking Through Missing Expiration
The last person to use this workstation is still logged in.
Soon
Blocked Data Subject Access Requests
One person's data, one month, and no system that agrees who they are.
Soon
Excessive Personal Data Collection
Every field you collect just in case is a field you have to protect.
AI & LLM
Clawdbot (Moltbot) Prompt Injection
Stop a hidden prompt from hijacking your AI assistant mid-task.
- OWASP LLMLLM01:2026
- CWE-1427
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
AI & LLM
Sensitive Data Exposure Through AI
See what happens when confidential data enters a consumer AI tool.
- OWASP LLMLLM02:2026
- CWE-200
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
AI & LLM
AI Supply Chain Attack
Deploy an AI plugin that hides a backdoor in plain sight.
- OWASP LLMLLM04:2026
- CWE-1104
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
AI & LLM
AI Training Data Poisoning
Watch poisoned documents corrupt your AI's answers in real time.
- OWASP LLMLLM05:2026
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
AI & LLM
Unsafe AI Output Handling
Exploit an AI whose outputs flow unchecked into live systems.
- OWASP LLMLLM10:2026
- CWE-1426
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
AI & LLM
Over-Permissioned AI Agent
Manipulate an AI assistant into misusing its own permissions.
- OWASP LLMLLM03:2026
- CWE-250
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
AI & LLM
AI System Prompt Leakage
Extract hidden instructions from a customer-facing AI chatbot.
- OWASP LLMLLM08:2026
- CWE-200
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
AI & LLM
RAG Pipeline Exploitation
Exploit a RAG pipeline to access documents beyond your clearance.
- OWASP LLMLLM09:2026
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
AI & LLM
AI Hallucination and Misinformation
Catch fabricated statistics and fake citations in an AI report.
- OWASP LLMLLM07:2026
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
AI & LLM
AI Denial-of-Service Attack
Launch a denial-of-wallet attack against an unprotected AI API.
- OWASP LLMLLM06:2026
- CWE-770
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
AI & LLM
AI Agent Goal Hijacking
Spot the moment an AI agent's goal is quietly rewritten.
- OWASPASI01:2026
- CWE-1427
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
AI & LLM
AI Agent Tool Exploitation
Catch the fraudulent items an agent's tools slip into your queue.
- OWASPASI02:2026
- CWE-250
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
AI & LLM
Agent Identity and Privilege Abuse
Find the agent that has been quietly widening its own access.
- OWASPASI03:2026
- CWE-269
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
AI & LLM
Agentic AI Supply Chain Attack
A backdoored MCP server mirrors every query your agents make.
- OWASPASI04:2026
- CWE-1104
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
AI & LLM
AI Agent Code Injection
Read the AI's pull request before you approve the reverse shell.
- OWASPASI05:2026
- CWE-94
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
AI & LLM
AI Agent Memory Poisoning
One poisoned memory entry keeps steering the agent for weeks.
- OWASPASI06:2026
- CWE-1427
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
AI & LLM
Agent-to-Agent Communication Spoofing
Forge one message on an unauthenticated agent bus and it obeys.
- OWASPASI07:2026
- CWE-345
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
AI & LLM
Multi-Agent Cascading Failure
One bad record, five agents, and a filed regulatory report.
- OWASPASI08:2026
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
AI & LLM
Over-Trusting AI Agent Recommendations
Weeks of accurate approvals are the setup, not the reassurance.
- OWASPASI09:2026
- CWE-1426
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
AI & LLM
Rogue AI Agents
Healthy metrics, clean output, one agent acting on its own.
- OWASPASI10:2026
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
AI & LLM
Poisoned Tool Descriptions
Agents read tool descriptions as instructions, not as docs.
- OWASP MCPMCP03:2025
- CWE-1427
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
AI & LLM
MCP Command Injection
A semicolon in a tool argument becomes a shell command.
- OWASP MCPMCP05:2025
- CWE-78
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
AI & LLM
Hijacked Agent Intent
Text an agent reads is not a command it should obey.
- OWASP MCPMCP06:2025
- CWE-1427
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
AI & LLM
Shadow MCP Servers
Your client's server list is not what is actually listening.
- OWASP MCPMCP09:2025
- CWE-1059
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
AI & LLM
Typosquatted MCP Package
Installing an MCP server runs its code before you read it.
- OWASP MCPMCP04:2025
- CWE-494
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
AI & LLM
Missing MCP Audit Trail
Logging turned on today cannot recover yesterday.
- OWASP MCPMCP08:2025
- CWE-778
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
AI & LLM
Unauthenticated MCP Server
Approving a server is not the same as authenticating it.
- OWASP MCPMCP07:2025
- CWE-306
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
AI & LLM
Agent Scope Creep
An agent reaches as far as its token, not its brief.
- OWASP MCPMCP02:2025
- CWE-269
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
AI & LLM
Leaked MCP Tokens
A token in your MCP config is a token your assistant reads.
- OWASP MCPMCP01:2025
- CWE-522
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
AI & LLM
Cross-Tenant Context Leak
When one agent serves many customers, its context is data.
- OWASP MCPMCP10:2025
- CWE-200
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Incidents
OneNote Email Attack
Trace a real BEC scam built on weeks of inbox surveillance.
- ATT&CKT1566.001
- CIS 14.2
Incidents
MGM Resorts Breach
Relive the 10-minute helpdesk call that cost $100M.
- ATT&CKT1566.004
- CIS 14.2
Application
Clickjacking
Steal a click on a bank approval button.
- OWASPA02:2025
- CWE-1021
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Application
Command Injection
Chain a second command onto a server-side tool.
- OWASPA05:2025
- CWE-78
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Application
Components with Known Vulnerabilities
Get code execution through an outdated library.
- OWASPA03:2025
- CWE-1104
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Application
Cross-Site Request Forgery
Move money from a page the victim never trusted.
- OWASPA01:2025
- CWE-352
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Application
Directory Traversal
Read system files through a download link.
- OWASPA01:2025
- CWE-22
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Application
DOM XSS
Trigger XSS the server never sees.
- OWASPA05:2025
- CWE-79
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Application
Forced Browsing
Pull an employee PII export from an unlinked route.
- OWASPA01:2025
- CWE-425
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Application
Horizontal Privilege Escalation
Change one digit and read another customer.
- OWASPA01:2025
- CWE-639
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Application
Host Header Injection
Redirect a password-reset email to a lookalike domain.
- OWASPA02:2025
- CWE-644
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Application
Insecure URL Redirect
Hide a phishing page behind a real login.
- OWASPA01:2025
- CWE-601
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Application
Leftover Debug Code
Pull production secrets from a forgotten debug route.
- OWASPA02:2025
- CWE-489
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Application
PII in URL
Lift personal data straight out of a link.
- OWASPA04:2025
- CWE-598
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Application
Reflected XSS
Craft a malicious URL that runs the moment it opens.
- OWASPA05:2025
- CWE-79
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Application
Server-Side Request Forgery
Make the server fetch its own cloud credentials.
- OWASPA01:2025
- CWE-918
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Application
Session Fixation
Plant a session id and inherit the victim login.
- OWASPA07:2025
- CWE-384
- ATT&CKT1539
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Application
SQL Injection
Dump a database through one unguarded lookup form.
- OWASPA05:2025
- CWE-89
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Application
Stored XSS
Plant a script in a comment and watch it fire.
- OWASPA05:2025
- CWE-79
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Application
Token Exposure in URL
Replay a session token harvested from a referrer log.
- OWASPA07:2025
- CWE-598
- ATT&CKT1539
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Application
User Enumeration
Harvest a verified customer list from a login form.
- OWASPA07:2025
- CWE-204
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Application
Vertical Privilege Escalation
Forge a role claim and become an administrator.
- OWASPA01:2025
- CWE-269
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Application
Weak Randomness
Predict a password-reset token and take the account.
- OWASPA04:2025
- CWE-330
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Application
XXE Injection
Read the password file through an XML upload.
- OWASPA02:2025
- CWE-611
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
API
Broken Function Level Authorization
Call staff-only endpoints from a read-only account.
- OWASP APIAPI5:2023
- CWE-285
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
API
Broken Object Level Authorization
Swap an id and read another rider.
- OWASP APIAPI1:2023
- CWE-639
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
API
Broken User Authentication
Brute-force a six-digit login code.
- OWASP APIAPI2:2023
- CWE-287
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
API
Excessive Data Exposure
Read the fields the UI never shows.
- OWASP APIAPI3:2019
- CWE-213
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
API
Improper Inventory Management
Read records through a retired API version.
- OWASP APIAPI9:2023
- CWE-1059
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
API
Injection
Turn a search box into a full database read.
- OWASP APIAPI8:2019
- CWE-74
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
API
Insufficient Logging & Monitoring
Look up a customer and leave no trace.
- OWASP APIAPI10:2019
- CWE-778
- CIS 8
- NIST CSFPR.PS
API
Mass Assignment
Mint a loyalty balance with two extra keys.
- OWASP APIAPI6:2019
- CWE-915
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
API
Security Misconfiguration
Read a signed-in account from any website.
- OWASP APIAPI8:2023
- CWE-942
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
API
Unrestricted Resource Consumption
Scrape a catalog with one oversized request.
- OWASP APIAPI4:2023
- CWE-770
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Git
Secrets in Git History
Recover a live API key from the commit that removed it.
- CWE-540
- ATT&CKT1552.001
- CIS 3
- NIST CSFPR.DS
Git
Exposed .git Directory
Rebuild an entire codebase from one public URL.
- CWE-527
- ATT&CKT1213.003
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Git
Committed Secret Files
Clone a public repo and read its committed .env.
- CWE-540
- ATT&CKT1552.001
- CIS 3
- NIST CSFPR.DS
Git
Commit Author Spoofing
Land a backdoor wearing a maintainer’s name.
- CWE-345
- ATT&CKT1036
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Git
Branch Protection Bypass
Force-push over main and skip review and CI.
- CWE-285
- ATT&CKT1195.002
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Git
Leaked Access Tokens
Clone private repos with a token from a public gist.
- CWE-522
- ATT&CKT1552.001
- CIS 5
- NIST CSFPR.AA
Git
Malicious Pull Requests
Catch a backdoor hidden inside a friendly test fix.
- CWE-494
- ATT&CKT1195.002
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Git
CI/CD Secret Exposure
Lift a deploy key straight out of a public build log.
- CWE-532
- ATT&CKT1552.001
- CIS 16
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Cloud
Public Storage Buckets
List a bucket with no credentials and take the customer export.
- CWE-732
- ATT&CKT1530
- CIS 3
- NIST CSFPR.DS
Cloud
Over-Permissive IAM
Escalate a boring build credential into a full administrator.
- CWE-269
- ATT&CKT1098.003
- CIS 6
- NIST CSFPR.AA
Cloud
Long-Lived Access Keys
Replay a key that leaked months ago and still authenticates.
- CWE-798
- ATT&CKT1552.001
- CIS 5
- NIST CSFPR.AA
Cloud
Instance Metadata Abuse
Turn a URL-fetching feature into cloud credential theft.
- CWE-918
- ATT&CKT1552.005
- CIS 4
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Cloud
Cloud Network Exposure
Connect straight to a production database with no application in the path.
- CWE-668
- ATT&CKT1046
- CIS 12
- NIST CSFPR.IR
Cloud
Subdomain Takeover
Serve your own login page from a domain the company really owns.
- CWE-672
- ATT&CKT1584.001
- CIS 12
- NIST CSFPR.IR
Cloud
Audit Logging Gaps
Investigate an incident where the trail covered one region and the intruder deleted the rest.
- CWE-778
- ATT&CKT1562.008
- CIS 8
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Cloud
Serverless Over-Privilege
Drive a public function URL into an account-wide role.
- CWE-250
- ATT&CKT1552
- CIS 6
- NIST CSFPR.AA
Cloud
Multi-Account Boundaries
Walk a sandbox credential into production, then put a ceiling above the account.
- CWE-1188
- ATT&CKT1078.004
- CIS 6
- NIST CSFPR.AA
Cloud
Secrets in Image Layers
Read a live token out of a layer the build tried to clean up.
- CWE-540
- ATT&CKT1552.001
- CIS 3
- NIST CSFPR.DS
Cloud
Privileged Containers
Turn a shell in a container into root on the host.
- CWE-250
- ATT&CKT1611
- CIS 4
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Cloud
Exposed Docker Daemon
Take a production host through an unauthenticated Docker API.
- CWE-306
- ATT&CKT1610
- CIS 4
- NIST CSFPR.PS
Cloud
Vulnerable Base Images
Exploit a CVE in the OS layer nobody audits.
- CWE-1104
- ATT&CKT1190
- CIS 7
- NIST CSFID.RA
Cloud
Malicious Base Images
Trace a cryptominer back to one line in a Dockerfile.
- CWE-494
- ATT&CKT1195.002
- CIS 2
- NIST CSFID.AM
Cloud
Container Registry Exposure
Pull a private image, then replace the tag they deploy.
- CWE-306
- ATT&CKT1525
- CIS 6
- NIST CSFPR.AA
Cloud
Container Network Exposure
A port mapping puts a production database on the internet.
- CWE-668
- ATT&CKT1046
- CIS 12
- NIST CSFPR.IR
Cloud
Minimal Container Images
Cut a 412MB runtime down to what actually has to ship.
- CWE-1188
- CIS 2
- NIST CSFID.AM
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